What is secondary prevention of coronary heart disease?

Model:Coronary Artery Intervention

The pathological basis of coronary heart disease is coronary artery atherosclerosis, which is a common progressive chronic disease, making coronary heart disease characterized by a high recurrence rate. Coronary heart disease prevention includes primary prevention (for individuals at risk who have not yet developed coronary heart disease) and secondary prevention (for patients already diagnosed with coronary heart disease). Preventive measures are essential for both coronary heart disease patients and individuals at high risk of developing coronary heart disease. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease refers to taking preventive measures for patients who have already developed coronary heart disease, with the goal of improving symptoms, reducing mortality and disability rates, and preventing disease recurrence. The main measures of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease include two aspects: identifying and controlling risk factors, and reliable and continuous drug therapy.

Prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease should be comprehensive, involving aspects such as diet, exercise, medication, and control of risk factors. Particularly for patients already diagnosed with coronary heart disease, the goal of prevention is to improve symptoms, prevent progression, and avoid recurrence. The prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease should encompass two sets of ABCDE, which are crucial at various stages of the disease. Effective treatment of coronary heart disease relies on the adherence to secondary prevention, which effectively targets the causes of the disease and reduces the risk of recurrence.

Secondary prevention advocates for "double effectiveness," meaning effective medication and appropriate dosage. Inconsistent medication intake is a taboo in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, as it not only yields poor results but also poses greater risks. Two sets of "ABCDE" are vital in secondary prevention:

(1) ABCDE

A. Aspirin: Primarily functions as an antiplatelet agent, improving the balance between prostaglandins and thromboxane A2, preventing atherosclerosis formation. Clinical evidence shows that daily intake of enteric-coated aspirin 100 mg can prevent recurrent coronary heart disease.

B. Blood pressure: Hypertension accelerates and exacerbates atherosclerosis progression. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the chance of developing or recurring coronary heart disease. Effective antihypertensive therapy can prevent the recurrence of cardiovascular disease.

C. Blood lipids: Elevated blood lipids lead to blood viscosity, slow blood flow, reduced blood supply to the brain, and damage to vascular endothelium, resulting in atherosclerotic plaque formation and direct development of cardiovascular diseases.

D. Diabetes control: Over 80% of diabetes cases lead to lipid metabolism abnormalities, often accompanied by atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Increased blood glucose levels also elevate blood viscosity and coagulability, promoting the formation of coronary heart disease.

E. Rehabilitation education: Through methods such as online dissemination, distribution of practical reading materials, and regular rehabilitation guidance, the dissemination of knowledge on coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension prevention is reinforced. Actively intervening in risk factors enables patients to patiently accept long-term preventive measures and actively cooperate with medication therapy.

(2) ABCDE

A. Active exercise: Moderate exercise increases fat consumption, reduces cholesterol deposition, enhances insulin sensitivity, and is beneficial for preventing obesity, controlling weight, improving circulation, adjusting blood lipids and reducing blood pressure, contributing to the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. Vigorous activities such as sprinting and mountain climbing should be avoided, while aerobic exercises like jogging, walking, gentle stretching, and tai chi are recommended.

B. Weight control: Maintain or reduce weight to keep the BMI within 18.5-24.9 kg/m² and waist circumference below 90 cm.

C. Quit smoking and limit alcohol: Cigarettes contain over three thousand harmful substances. Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the autonomic nervous system, causing vasospasm, increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, increased blood cholesterol, and accelerating atherosclerosis.

D. Balanced diet: Diverse food choices with grains as the main component; consume more whole grains, nuts, seaweed rich in magnesium; eat plenty of vegetables, bananas, potatoes, and high-fiber foods; include dairy, legumes, or their products daily; consume moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat, and reduce intake of fatty meat, fat, skin, hooves, and heavy dishes; balance food intake with physical activity to maintain appropriate weight; consume a low-salt, low-sugar diet, reducing salt intake to around 6 grams per day.

E. Emotional stability: Optimistic, stable emotions, and a relaxed, balanced mindset are not only crucial factors in preventing cardiovascular diseases but also key to achieving longevity.

The Detachable Coronary Model (XX004D) is a versatile simulation tool for coronary artery interventions. Featuring customizable segments with common lesions like stenosis and bifurcation, this model allows for realistic practice of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures. It aids in training, development, and testing of coronary intervention devices, serving as a valuable asset for demonstrations and marketing within the field of interventional cardiology.