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What is lithiasis?

Model: Ureteroscopy Simulator (MN-02)

Lithiasis (from the Greek "lithos" meaning "stone"), is one of the most common pathological conditions affecting the urinary tract. This condition involves the formation of aggregates of minerals and organic substances that, once precipitated, appear as actual stones within the renal excretory cavity. The primary issue caused by kidney stones is the obstruction of urine flow into the bladder. This obstruction can affect almost the entire urinary tract. Stones found in the kidneys are referred to as kidney stones, those that move into the ureter become ureteral stones, and stones found in the bladder are called bladder stones. Bladder stones found in the bladder may either have moved down from the kidneys or formed directly in the bladder, often due to urinary stasis in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Bladder stones were previously the most common among the three types, but they have now been surpassed by kidney stones and ureteral stones, becoming the least common type.

In the general population, urinary system stones are a common ailment (and cases are continuously increasing globally): taking into account differences in age, gender, race, and latitude, an estimated 10%-15% of adults are affected. The incidence among males (peak incidence between 30-69 years) is about three times that of females (peak incidence between 50-79 years), although this gap is narrowing. Other risk factors include being of Caucasian descent, living in hot and dry regions, prolonged sitting, exposure to high temperatures, obesity, a family history of the condition, kidney abnormalities, and inadequate intake of water. Therefore, not everyone will develop kidney stones; they occur in some individuals at certain times due to changes in the balance of substances passing through the kidneys and insufficient urine volume to prevent their precipitation and aggregation into stones. These changes may be temporary (occurring at a particular moment influenced by the aforementioned factors) or persistent (metabolic changes). Depending on the chemical composition of the stones, they can be classified into different types, with calcium-containing stones being the most common (accounting for about 75% of all cases), especially those containing calcium oxalate (about 60% of all cases). Among non-calcium stones, uric acid stones are the most common. The formation of most stones is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Causes of Stones:

There are many causes of urinary stones, often involving one or more factors that influence their formation, including age, gender, race, genetics, environmental factors, dietary habits, and occupation.

●Metabolic abnormalities: Many urinary stones form due to disruptions in the body's metabolism. Common stone components in urine include calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine. Physiological imbalances can lead to stone formation and growth.

●Local factors: Local obstructions in the urinary tract, such as ureteral strictures, prostate enlargement, infections, and the presence of foreign bodies in the urinary tract, are major local factors triggering stone formation.

●Climate factors: Hot weather conditions can lead to concentrated urine due to increased sweating and water loss through respiration, resulting in higher excretion of urinary calcium and an increased risk of stone formation.

●Dietary factors: Inadequate water intake can lead to concentrated urine. Consuming excessive animal protein, a low-magnesium diet, lack of exercise, insufficient vitamin A and B6, can also increase the risk of stone formation.

Prevention of Stones:

1.Drink plenty of water: Consume 2000-2500ml of water daily to increase urine volume, dilute the concentration of stone-forming substances in the urine, reduce crystal deposition, and facilitate stone passage.

2.Personalized diet recommendations based on stone composition analysis.

●Calcium oxalate stones: Avoid high-oxalate foods such as spinach, celery, legumes, nuts, potatoes, tea, chocolate, etc.

●Uric acid stones: Avoid high-purine foods such as seafood, beer, organ meats, meats, legumes, etc.

●Calcium phosphate stones: Avoid high-phosphorus foods such as meats, poultry eggs, seaweed, nuts, etc.

●Cystine stones: Avoid high-salt, high-protein diets.

Research indicates that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, low in animal protein, balanced low-fat dairy products, and reduced salt intake is the best way to reduce the risk of stone formation.

In this model below, we provide a simulated stone for users to practice Holmium laser lithotripsy. "Simulated stones" can be placed in the renal pelvis based on training requirements. The ureteroscopy simulator is an advanced model meticulously crafted to replicate the intricate anatomical details of the human urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. This simulator, developed using CT data and anatomical literature, serves as a versatile tool with various applications within the medical field. It proves invaluable for medical education, offering a lifelike platform for teaching purposes in medical schools and facilitating device testing for endoscope and related medical device companies. With functionalities for testing flexible electronic ureteroscopes, infusion pump pressure testing, and the placement of simulated stones for training scenarios, this simulator proves indispensable for honing skills in calyces structure identification, device manipulation, and stone management, ultimately enhancing proficiency in the treatment of lithiasis.

Details

  • Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • Trando 3D Medical Technology

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